p242--rather non-violent removals fo the Communists--but it was overly optimistic to assume that they would be automatically replaced with social democracies

p243--the communists enjoyed "poisoning the public atmosphere and engaging in social dmogogy"--the party structure had not been erased--economic, social, political, administrative, ethnical--

p245--real risk that groups will give unrealisitc, impossible, or evil goals and expectations just to get elected (promising everything to eveyone or nationalistic xenophobia)

p246--new parties claimed to be based on ideologies, but in reality they were based on personalitites or shared expereinces

p247--***Common features: anticommunists, anti-authoritarian, anti-ideological--distrustful of polititicians--reulctatn to form political parites--most leaders were distinguished intellectuals--human rights--comunism had not solved any problems of social/ethinic injustice--p248--had to create a society wher ethe individual did not feel threatened by the state--non violent, but had to deal with the problems of the past

p249--Southeastern seemed more authoritarian after the break--and nationalisitic--Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia

p250--main task was to build up a political culture strong enough to counter the rise of the new fundamentalist movements

Between Euphoria and Rage

p252--East German communist party tried to avoid/postpone the re-unification--Soviet reluctance to accept german re-unification

p253--Jan 1990 Gorbachev realized reunification was inevitable, but wanted Germany out of NATO--12 September agreement to reduce troops in germany, have the west pay for resettlement of the Russian troops and help with loans, finalize border with Poland--Two-plus-Four Treaty in Moscow, the end of the Cold War--3 October 1990 Germany was reunified--economic strenght of west germany mad the transition much easier, but still unemployment

p254--major social differences--the westerners had come to (some sort of) terms iwth their Nazi past, the Esterners had not.--but still some pro-nazi sentiment in the east

p255--Socialists (re-named communists) continued to rule through 1990 despite opposition--but the party membership dropped by 3/4--Roundtable discussions

p256--June 1990 elections--Socialists won absolute majority in seats, but < 50% votes--accused to rigging the election--chose new President (Zhelyu Zhelev) -- 26 August headquarters of the Socialists were set on fire--both sides blamed the other--tyring to stop democracy--eventually realized that the Communists (Socialists--BSP) could not maintian a single party controll--new gov--had to deal with major economic problems

p258--charismatic leader (Havel) helped a lot--ruling party--the Civic Forum--was torn into two ideological halfs (left/right) by the move to make it into a real political party--move to ideologies not personalities

p259--Finance Minister Klaus got fast privitization, and new economic system to try and prevent spiraling inflation and "massive social convulsions"

p260--Czech/Slocak ethnic split became a real problem in Dec 1990 when the Slovak republic threatened to nullify federal laws

p261-- "Hungary became the only true multiparty democracy in Eastern Europe"--poor economic reform--little social justice--generally poor outlook of the people--very poor in the rural areas

p262--lots of inter- and intra-party squabiling

p263--Summer 1990 Lech Walesa wanted to get rid of the (mostly ceremonial) communist General Jaruzelski as President, even thought the round table agreements had stipulated a power sharing--wanted to follow the rest of Europe and get rid of all traces of communism

p264--May 1990 Solidarity split over this in to Welsa’s Center Alliance and in July the pro-Mazowieki Citizens Movement - Democratic Action (ROAD)--The Center Alliance argued that ROAD was responsible for slowing down the progress--ROAD arged that the Center Alliance was using revolutionary methods--bitter

p266--the people of Poland were suffering under very bad economic conditions while the two parties bickered amoungst themselves--after being elected again Walesa put the same Minister of Economy (Leszek Balcerowicz) in to do more Shock therapy

p267--split in Solidarity is good for the system because both parties still have the best interests of the state in mind

p267--National Slavation Front decided to give up its neutrality and field candidates for the upcomming election--lost a lot of credibility--fear that they had represented a coup in that they had planned to take over after Cesasecu was out--also there was very little organized opposition in Romania, so where had they come from?

p268--under NSF the secret police came back under the name of the Romanian Service of Information--NSF headed by Ion Iiescu a communist--obstacles to other parties

p269--the NSF thought a Romanian peristroka would be enough, but as people realized that they only wanted to maintain the status quo, the people became more upset--bad economy--the former collaborators (the communists=NSF) had taken over the revolution and did nothing

p270--March 1990 NSF challenged by publication of the "Timisoara Proclomations" which among other things demanded all communist officials and secret police people out of governemnt--the NSF responded with slander, innuendo, and intimidation--end of April--University Square protests--Iliescu (leader of the NSF) called them "hoodlums" too close to Ceausecu’s "hoolicgans"--fragmented oppoistion + obscure goals = sucess for really communist party

p271--University Square protests failed--June 13--police crackdown on the protesters--Miners called in to terrorize the opposition June 14,15 in Bucharest--brutal attacks on the protestors--this forced the opposition to get together in the Civic Alliance--decided to field candidates in July 1991 in the next election--losely inspiried by the Czech Civic Forum--economic problems made it hard for the NSF to stay in power

p272--NSF="totalitarian democracy" or "a dictatorship resting on popular enthusiasm"--NSF expelled the King who had come for a short visit

p273--Leauge of Communists in 1990 renouced their monopoly on power and decidded that no one could claim to have the absolute hitorical truth in a democracy in an attempt look better to the people--falied

p274--June 1991 Slovene and Coatian parliments proclaimed independence--central governemnt attacked Sloveneia--*** bascially just a hell of a lot of nationalist tendancies amoung the four republics

p276--the Albanian rulers learned from Ceausecu’s end and on Dec 21 1990 ended dicatorial rule--quick multiparty elections--people skepitcal about a NSF like movement by the communists